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Cake day: June 23rd, 2024

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  • I know what hertz is, I’m en electrotechnician. The display’s refresh rate is measured in hertz, and has to be at least 40 Hz or you suffer from headaches and some from photosensitive epilepsy. (edit: only applies if the screen goes black between refreshes, which I just learned OLED, unlike CRTs, doesn’t.) Ideally 100 Hz or more. But the image (frames per second) does not have to change that often. For example, movies are 24 fps but 35mm film projectors are 72 Hz: they flash each frame 3x before advancing (using a three-blade shutter) because 24 Hz is seizure-inducing but using a unique picture for each refresh (72 fps) is expensive. Similarly, your OLED TV is 144 Hz when gaming at 144 fps (if you can afford that), when watching a 60fps gaming video or 24fps movie: the screen controller works the same all the time but the picture it’s fed changes more or less frequently.

    If an OLED screen refreshed at 1 Hz, you’d see a line going down the display edit: I learned about TFT OLEDs which don’t do that. So it never goes below 60 Hz. However, the phone can reduce animation fps when the CPU can’t keep up or to save battery. 1 fps is extremely choppy though, I don’t know where OP got that. I did once use a phone capped to that framerate (via adbcontrol pre-Lollipop where the screenshot is transmitted over USB) and it was awfully non-responsive.




  • I did’t know much about the German keyboard layout but I know the Czech one, which is derived from it (we both use QWERTZ) and was able to look up most of what I didn’t know.

    So, the keyboard has 4 layers: default, Shift, AltGr, AltGr+Shift (the fourth one is not standard but is recognized by xkb; in Czech I use it for custom character mappings, in German it is standardized but Linux-only).

    • Default layer prints lowercase letters a-z and äöüß, numbers and the symbols in the lower-left of each key.
    • Shift layer prints uppercase letters A-Z and ÄÖÜ and symbols at the top left of each key.
      • Caps Lock only affects letters. I don’t know what happens when you press ß with Caps Lock on a system too old to know about ẞ (only in Unicode since 2008, and “allowed” in German since 2017) and I don’t want to make vintage computers explode at 39c3.
    • AltGr layer prints lower-right symbols, most of which are only populated in a later version of the layout.
    • AltGr+Shift (Linux only) prints upper-right symbols.

    As you can see, AltGr+2 produces ², and AltGr+3 produces ³. I think the full-size “2” and “n” are misprints. My old Czech keyboard has some errors too.

    By the way, Czech is more chaotic:

    • we have lots more diacritics so the number row only prints numbers on its Shift layer (most people therefore use the numpad only)
    • to print rare diacritics (ó, ď, ť, ň, and German ä, ö, ü), one has to first press the corresponding modifier key (´, ˇ, ˚, ¨) like on typewriters
      • an alternative for common capital diacritics (á, é, ě, í, ú, ů, ý, ž, š, č, ř) is to briefly turn on Caps Lock (advantage over typewriters)
      • pressing the ˚ key twice prints the degree sign (°) twice (Windows) or once (Linux)
    • there is a bloody dedicated § key but we need to press AltGr+7 twice, then backspace (or Alt+96) for a grave (`), which is part of ASCII and used in Markdown
    • physical keyboards almost always reserve the right side of the keys for the English-US layout (very confusing for novices) so one has to type in the AltGr layer blind (except for ); it contains useful symbols ([]{}<>|\€$@#^&×÷`) as well as useless ones (Đđ – these are Slovene, why not the Slovak Ôô?), leading people to prefer Windows-only left-Alt+numpad codes (such as Alt+64 for @) that use the obsolete OEM-1252 codepage (the Unicode extension has to be enabled via registry and Alt+letters hex codes get passed to programs anyway, often defocusing the input element). I only found a Slovak one on Wikimedia Commons
    • some lazy manufacturers combine the Czech/English and Slovak/English layouts, which are similar except ľ, ť and ô, leading to 5 (!) symbols per key, 3 of which are irrelevant unless you switch layouts
    • Gboard for Android offers QWERTY for Czech, which looks normal (hold for diacritics, potentially swipe for ě and ů) and the unpopular QWERTZ-PC, which has all the physical keyboard’s quirks, but its “Czech QWERTZ” is based off German QWERTZ, containing ú and ů but not the other diacritics for some reason. All other keyboard apps with Czech language layout get this right (hold for diacritics, potentially swipe for ě and ů)!